Tag: research

Magnesium, Research references

Admin

January 1999

1. Abraham AS, Eylath U et al. Serum magnesium levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction. New Eng J Med 296: 862-863, 1977.
2. Abraham GE, Flechas JD. Hypothesis: Management of fibromyalgia: rationale for the use of magnesium and malic acid. J Nutr Med 3:49-59, 1992.
3. Annand JC. Pyridoxine and magnesium in the treatment of shock. Lancet ii: 340-1, 1957.
4. Berger DS, Reiter WM, Vorce DE, et al. Prevalence of red blood cell magnesium deficiency in HIV-1 infected patients and its association with fatigue and myalgia. Abstract. J Am Coll Nutr 13; 5: 522, 1994.
5. Brenton DP, Gordon TE. Fluid and electrolyte disorders. Magnesium. Br J Hospital Med 1: 60-69, 1984.
6. Curry DL et al.:Magnesium modulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion by the perfused rat
7. pancreas. Endocrinology 101:203, 1977.
8. Dahle LO, Berg G, Hammar M et al. The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy-induced leg cramps. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 175-180.
9. DeLuca HF. The Vitamin D system in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Nutr Rev 1979; 37: 161-193.
10. Dreosti, IE. Magnesium status and health. Nutr Rev 1995; 53: S23-S27.
11. Dunn MJ, Waber M. Magnesium depletion in normal man. Metabolism 1966; 15: 884-895.
12. Eisinger J, Bagneres D, Arroyo P, et al. Effects of magnesium, high energyphosphates, piracetam and thiamin on erythrocyte transketolase. Magnes Res 7(1):59-61, 1994.
13. Eriksson J, Kohvakka A. Magnesium and ascorbic acid supplementation in diabetes mellitus. Ann Nutr Metab 394:217-23, 1995.
14. Fletcher MP, Gershwin ME, Keen CL et al. Trace element deficiences and immune responsiveness in humans and animal models. In: Chandra RJ, ed. Nutrition and immunology. New York: Alan R. Liss. 1988: p 215-239.
15. Hallson PG, Rose G, Sulaiman SM. Magnesium reduces calcium oxalate crystal formahon in human whole unne. Clin Sci 62: 17-19, 1982.
16. Hodgkinson A, Marshall DH, Nordin BEC. Vitamin D and magncsium absorption in man. Clin Sci 1979; 57: 121-123.
17. Howard JMH. Magnesium deficiency in peripheral vascular disease. J Nutr Med 1990; 1: 39-49.
18. Johansson G et al. Biochemical and clinical effects of prophylactic treatment of renal calcium stones with magnesium hydroxide. J Urol 124; 6:770-4, 1980.
19. Johansson G, Backman U, Danielson B et al. Magnesium metabolism in renal stone formers. Effects of therapy with magnesium hydroxide. Scand J Urol Nephrol 53: 125-130, 1980.
20. Johansson G. Magnesium and renal stone disease. Acta Med Scand; suppl 661:13-18, 1982
21. Johansson G et al. Effects of magnesium hydroxide in renal stone disease. J Am Coll Nutr 1, 2:179-85, 1982.
22. Jones JE, Manalo R, Flink EB et al. Magnesium requirements in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1967; 20: 632.
23. Laban E, Chardon GA. Magnesium and cardiac arrhythmias. Nutrient or drug? J Am Coll Nutr 1986; 5: 521-532.
24. Lemke, MR. Plasma magnesium decrease and altered calcium/magnesium ratior in severe dementia of the Alzheimer typc. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37: 341-343.
25. Lindberg J, Harvey J, Pak CYC. Effect of magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide on the crystallization of calcium salts in urine: changes produced by food-magnesium interaction. J Urol 143; 2:248-51, 1990.
26. Lyon E, Borden T, Ellis J, Vermeulen C. Calcium oxalate lithiasis produced by pyridoxine deficiency and inhibition with high magnesium diets. Invest Urol 4: 133-142, 1966.
27. Posacki C, et al. Plasma, Copper, Zinc, and Magnesium Levels in Patients with Premenstrual Tension Syndrome, Acta syndrome : Obstet Gynecol Scand 73; 452-5, 1994.
28. Prien EL, Gershoff S. Magnesium oxide-pyridoxine therapy for recurring calcium oxalate urinary calculi. J Urol 112:509-512, 1974.
29. Rattan VF, Sidhu H, Vaidyanathan S, et al. Effect of combined supplementation of magnesium oxide and pyridoxine in calcium-oxalate stone formers. Urol Res 22; 3:161-5, 1994.
30. Resnick LM, Gupta RK, Laragh JH. Intracellular free magnesium to erythrocytes of essential hypertension. Relation to blood pressure and serum divalent cations. Proc Nat Aca Sci 1984 81: 6511-6515.
31. Romano TJ, Stiller JW. Magnesium deficiency in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Nutr Med 4:165-7, 1994.
32. Romano TJ. Magnesium deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Nutr Environ Med 7: 107-11, 1997.
33. Rude RK, Olerich Ml. Magnesium deficiency: Possible role in osteoporosis associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Osteoporosis Int 6; (6):453-61, 1996.
34. Rushton H, Spector M. Effects of magnesium deficiency on intra tubular calcium oxalate formation and crystalluria in hyperoxaluric rats. J Urol 127: 598-604, 1982.
35. Seelig MS. The requirement of magnesium by the normal adult. Am J Clin Nutr 14: 342-390, 1964.
36. Seelig MS, Heggtveit H. Magnesium interrelationships in ischemic heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 27: 59-79, 1974.
37. Seelig MS. Magnesium in oncogenesis and in anti-cancer treatment interaction with minerals and vitamins. In: Ouillian, P, Williams, RM, eds. Adjucant nutrition in cancer treatment. Publ Cancer Treatment Res Foundation, 15: 238-318, 1993.
38. Schmiedl A, Schwille P. Magnesium status in idiopathic calcium urolithiasis – An orientational study in younger males. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 34:393-40, 1996.
39. Sheehan JP, Seelig MS. Interactions of magnesium and potassium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Magnesium 3: 301-314, 1984.
40. Shils, ME. Magnesium. In: Present knowledge in nutrition. 7th edn. Washington, DC: Nutrition Foundation. 1996: p 256-264.
41. Shils ME. Experimental human magnesium depletion. Medicine 1969; 48: 61-85.
42. Shils ME. Experimental human magnesium depletion. I. Clinical observations and blood chemistry alterations. Am J Clin Nutr 1964; 15: 133-143.
43. Shine Kl. Myocardial effects of magnesium. Am J Physiol 1979; 237: H413-H423.
44. Singh RB, Cameron EA. Relation of myocardial magnesium deficiency to sudden death in ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J 1982; 103: 399-450.
45. Sjogren A, Edvinsson L, Fallgren B. Magnesium deficiency in coronary artery diseases and cardiac arrhythmias. J Int Med 1989; 226: 213-222.
46. Takahasi E. The magnesium:calcium ratio in the concentrated urines of patients with calcium oxalate calculi. Invest Urol 10:147, 1972.
47. Tucker MM, Turco SJ. Human nutrition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1983: p 25-28.
48. Wacker WEC, Parisi AF. Magnesium metabolism. N Eng J Med 1968; 278: 658-663, 712-717, 772-786.
49. Watson WS, Lyon TDB, Hilditch TE. Red cell magnesium as a function of cell age. Metabol Clin Exp 1980; 29: 397-399.
50. White JR et al. Magnesium and Diabetes: A Review. Ann Pharmacother 27: 775-80, 1993.
51. Wunderlich W. Aspects of the influence of magnesium ions on the formation of calcium oxalate. Urol Res 1981; 9: 157-160.

Sources:
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.

Manganese, Research references

Admin

January 1999

1. Baly DL, Curry DL, Keen CL, Hurley LS. Effect of manganese deficiency on insulin secretion and homeostasis in rats. J Nutr 1984; 114: 1438-1446.
2. Beisel WR. Single nutrients and immunity. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 456.
3. Bertinchamps AJ, Miller ST, Cotzias GC. Interdependence of routes excreting manganese. Am J Physiol 1966 211: 217-224.
4. Britton AA, Cotzias GC. Dependence of manganese turnover on intake. Am J Physiol 1966; 221: 203-206.
5. Cotzias GC et al. Slow turnover of manganese in active rheumatoid arthritis and acceleration by prednisone. J Clin Invest 47:992, 1968.
6. Davidsson L, Almgren A, Juillerat MA et al. Manganese absorption in humans. The effect of phytic acid and ascorbic acid in soy formula. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 984-987.
7. Engel RW, Price NO, Miller RF Copper, manganese, cobalt, and molybdenum balance in pre-adolescent girls. J Nutr 1967; 92: 197-204.
8. Greger JL, Baligar P, Abernathy RP et al. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, coppcr, and manganese balance in adolescent females. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 117-121.
9. Gribauskas P et al. Manganese levels in hair as an additional indicator for early diagnosis of ischemic disease of the heart. Lab Delo ;10:629, 1985.
10. Gruden N. Suppression of transduodenal manganese transport by milk diet supplemented with iron. Nutr Metabol 1977; 21: 305-309.
11. Guthrie BE, Robinson MF. Daily intakes of manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium by New Zealand women. Br J Nutr 1977; 38: 55-63.
12. Keen, CL, Zidenberg-Cherr, S. Present knowledge in nutrition. 6th edn. Washington, DC: Nutrition Foundation. 1990: p 279-286.
13. Keen, CL, Zidenberg-Cherr, S. Manganese. In: Present knowledge in nutrition. 7th edn. Washington, DC: Nutrition Fo~ndation.1996: p 334-343.
14. Kies C, ed. Nutritional bioavailability of manganese. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. 1982.
15. McLeod BE, Robinson MF. Metabolic balance of manganese in young women. Br J Nutr 1972; 27: 221-227.
16. Schlage C, Wortberg B. Manganese in the diet of healthy preschool and school children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1972, 61: 648-652.
17. Spencer H, Asmussen CR, Holtzman RB et al. Metabolic balances of cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 1867-1875.
18. Wenlock RW, Buss DH, Dixon EJ. Manganese in British food. Br J Nutr 1979; 41: 253-261.

Sources:
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.

Selenium, Research references

Admin

January 1999

  1. Bruce A et al. The effect of selenium and vitamin E on glutathione peroxidase levels and subjective symptoms in patients with arthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, in Proc N Z Workshop on Trace Elements in N Z. Dunedin, U. of Otago, 1981: 92.
  2. Chen X, Xiaoshu, Chen X et al. Selenium in biology and medicine. New York: AVI/Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1987: p 589-607.
  3. Clark LC. The epidemiology of selenium and cancer. Fed Proc 1985; 44: 2584-2589.
  4. Clark L, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. JAMA 1996.
  5. Constans J, Pellegrin JL, Sergeant C, et al. Serum selenium predicts outcome in HIV infection. J AIDS Human Retrovirol 10:392, 1995.
  6. Delmas-Beauvieux M-C, Peuchant E, Couchouron A, et al. The enzymatic antioxidant system in blood and glutathione status in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients: Effects of supplementation with selenium or carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 64:101-7, 1996.
  7. Fletcher MP, Gershwin ME, Keen CL et al. Trace element deficiences and immune responsiveness in humans and animal models. In: Chandra RK, ed. Nutrition and immunology. New York: Alan R, Liss. p 215-239, 1988.
  8. Gebre-Medhin M et al. Selenium supplementation in X-linked muscular dystrophy. Effects on erythrocyte and serum selenium and on erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity. Acta Paediatr Scand 74;6:886-90, 1985.
  9. Glover JR. Proceedings of the symposium on selenium-tellurium environments. Pittsburgh: Industrial Health Foundation. 1976: p 279-292.
  10. Hinks LJ, Inwards KD, Lloyd B, Clayton BE. Body content of selenium in coeliac disease. Br Med J Clin Res 288:1862-3, 1984.
  11. Jackson ML. Selenium. Present status and perspectives in biology and medicine. Clifton, NJ: Humana Press. 1988: p 13-21.
  12. James S et al. Effekter av selenvitamin E-behandling till kvinnor med lång variga arbetsrelaterade nack-och skuldersmärtor. En dubbelblindstudie. Läkaresällskapets Riksstämma, 1985.
  13. Jameson S et al. Pain relief and selenium balance in patients with connective tissue disease and osteoarthrosis: A double-blind selenium tocopherol supplementation study. Nutr Res Suppl 1: 391-7, 1985.
  14. Juhlin L et al. Blood glutathione-peroxidase levels in skin diseases: Effect of selenium and vitamin E treatment. Acta Derm Venereal (Stockh) 62; 3: 211-4, 1982.
  15. Karakucuk S et al. Selenium concentrations in serum, lens and aqueous humor of patients with senile cataract. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 73:323-32, 1995.
  16. Kok FJ et al. Decreased selenium levels in acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 261;8:1161-4, 1989.
  17. Korpela H et al. Effect of selenium supplementation after acute myocardial infarction. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 65:249-52, 1989.
  18. Kose K et al. Plasma selenium levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Biol Trace Elem Res 53: 51-6, 1996.
  19. L’Abbe M, Fischer W, Trick K et al. Dietary Se and tumor glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. J Nutr Biochem 1991; 2: 430-436.
  20. Levander OA. A global review of human selenium nutrition. Ann Rev Nutr 1987; 7: 227-250.
  21. Levander OA. Trace substances in environmental health – 23. Springfield: University of Missouri. 1990: p 11-19.
  22. Levander, OA, Burk, RF. Selenium. In. Present knowledge in nutrition. 7th edn. Washington, DC: Nutrition Foundation. 1996: p 320-328.
  23. Longnecker GF. Nutrition and cancer prevention: investigating the role of micronutrients. New York: Marcel Dekker. 1989: p 389-420.
  24. Macpherson A, Scott R, Yates R. The Effect of Selenium Supplementation in Sub-Fertile Males. (Abstract), 8th International Conference on Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals, 1993.
  25. Moore JA et al. Selenium concentrations in plasma of patients with arteriographically defined coronary atherosclerosis. Clin Chem 30:1171, 1984
  26. Munthe E, Aaseth J. Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Selenium and Vitamin E. Scan J of Rheumatol 53 (suppl.): 103, 1984.
  27. Oster O et al. The serum selenium concentration of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Ann Clin Res 18;1:36-42, 1986.
  28. Overad K, Thorling EB, Bjerring P, Ebbesen P. Selenium inhibits W-light-induced skin caronogenesis in hairless mice. Cancer Lett 1985; 27: 163-170.
  29. Peretz A, Nève J, Famaey J. Selenium in rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 20: 305-16, 1991.
  30. Peretz A, Nève J, Duchateau J, Famaey JP. Adjuvant treatment of recent onset rheumatoid arthritis by selenium supplementation: Preliminary observations. Br J Rheumatol 31: 281-6, 1992.
  31. Robinson MF et al. Effect of daily supplements of selenium on patients with muscular complaints in Otago and Canterbury. N Z Med J 93:289-292, 1981.
  32. Salonen JT et al. Association between cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction and serum selenium in a matched-pair longitudinal study. Lancet ii:175-9, 1982
  33. Salonen JT, Alfthan G, Huttunen JK, Puska P. Association between serum selenium and the risk of cancer. Am J Epidem 1984; 120: 342-349.
  34. Salonen JT et al. Interactions of serum copper, selenium, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in atherogenesis. Br Med J 302:756-60, 1991.
  35. Schrauzer GN, Sacher J. Selenium in the maintenance and Therapy of HIV-infected patients. Chem Biol Interact 91:199-205, 1994.
  36. Shamberger RJ, Frost DV. rossible protective effect of selenium against human cancer. Can Med Assoc J 1969; 100: 682.
  37. Shamberger RJ. Biochemistry of selenium. New York: Plenum. 1983.
  38. Sklodowska M, Wasowicz W, Gromnadzinska J, et al. Selenium and vitamin E concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes of angina pectoris patients. Trace Elem Med 8:113-17, 1991.
  39. Stead NW et al. Selenium Se balance in the dependent elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 39:677, 1984.
  40. Stone WL et al. Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol levels in male rats. Ann Nutr Metab 30:94-103, 1986.
  41. Suadicani P, Hein H, Gyntelberg F. Serum selenium concentration and risk of ischaemic heart disease in an prospective cohort study of 3000 males. Atherosclerosis 96:33-42, 1992.
  42. Sunde RA. Molecular biology of selenoproteins. Ann Rev Nutr 1990; 10: 451-474.
  43. Sword J, Pope A, Hoekstra W. Endotoxin and lipid peroxidation in vitro in selenium- and vitamin E-deficient and -adequate rat tissues. J Nutr 1991; 121: 258-264.
  44. Tarp U et al. Low selenium level in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 14: 97, 1985.
  45. Tarp U et al. Selenium Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Scandinavian J of Rheumatol 14: 364-8, 1985.
  46. Vanderpas JB, Contempre B, Duale NL et al. Iodine and selenium deficiency associated with cretinism in northern Zaire. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 1087-1094.
  47. Van Rij AM et al. Selenium deficiency in total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 32:2076-85, 1979.
  48. Virtamo J et al. Serum selenium and the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Am J Epidemiol 122:276-82, 1985.
  49. Winnefeld K, Dawczynski H, Schirrmeister W et al. Selenium in serum and whole blood in patients with surgical interventions. Biological Trace Element Res 1995; 50: 149-155.
  50. Wright JV, Ogle DJ, Hoare L. Improvement of vision in macular degeneration associated with intravenous zinc and selenium therapy: two cases. J Nutr Med 1:133-8, 1990.
  51. Yang GQ Wang SZ, Ahou RH, Sun SZ. Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. Am J Clin Nutr 1983- 37: 872-881.
  52. Yu SY et al. Chemoprevention trial of human hepatitis with selenium supplementation in China. Biol Trace Elem Res 21; 1-2:15-22, 1989.
  53. Zazzo JF, Chalas J, Lafont A, et al. Is nonobstructive cardiomyopathy in AIDS a selenium deficiency-related disease? Letter. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 12; (5):537-8, 1988.
  54. Zielonka E et al. Sulfur and selenium levels in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Reumatologia 20; 3-4: 217-20, 1982.
  55. Örndahl G et al. Myotonic dystrophy and selenium. Acta Med Scand 211:493-9, 1982.
  56. Örndahl G et al. Selenium therapy of myotonic dystrophy. Acta Med Scand 213;3:237-9, 1983.
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Sources:
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.

Zinc, Research references

Admin

January 1999

1. Aamodt RL, Rumble WF, Johnston GS et al. Absorption of orally administrated 65Zn (zinc) by normal human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 2648-2652.
2. Bales CW, Freeland-Graves JH, Askey S et al. Zinc, magnesium, copper, and protein concentrations in human saliva. Age- and sex-related differences. Am J Clin Nutr 1990, 51: 462-469.
3. Balogh Z et al. Plasma Zinc and its relationship to clinical symptoms and drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 39(4): 329-32, 1980.
4. Berg JM, Shi Y. The galvanization of biology. A growing appreciation for the roles of zinc. Science 1996; 271: 1081-1085.
5. Brody I. Topical treatment of recurrent herpes simplex and post-herpetic erythema multiforme with low concentrations of zinc sulphate solution. Br J Dermatol 104; (2):191-4, 1981.
6. Caselli M, Bicocchi R. Taux serique du zinc chez les malades atteints du syndrome d’immunodeficit acquis. Presse Med 37:1877-8, 1986 (in French).
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9. Cousins RJ. Zinc. In: Present knowledge in nutrition. 7th edn. Washington, DC: Nutrition Foundation. p 293-306, 1996.
10. Crofton RW et al. Zinc metabolism in celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr 52; (2):379-82, 1990.
11. DeBartolo HM Jr. Zinc and diet for tinnitus. Am J Otol 10; 3: 256, 1989.
12. De Gordon AM. Effects of adjuvant therapy with zinc in human immunodeficiency infection. Abstract. J Am Coll Nutr 11; (5):601, 1992.
13. De Gordon AM. Evaluation of tissue zinc status through cell-mediated immune response in HIV disease. Abstract. J Am Coll Nutr 11; (5):602, 1992.
14. Eby GA. Use of topical zinc to prevent recurrent herpes simplex infection: Review of literature and suggested protocols. Med Hypotheses 17:157-65, 1985.
15. Eby GA. Linearity in dose-response from zinc lozenges in treatment of common colds. J Pharmacy Technol 11:110-22, 1995.
16. Engel ED et al. Diabetes melitus: Impaired Wound Healing from Zinc Deficiency. J Am Pod Assoc 71: 536-44, 1981.
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24. Grennan DM et al. Serum copper and zinc in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. N Z Med J 91; 652: 47-50, 1980.
25. Hambidge KM. Zinc deficiency in young children. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 160-161.
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27. Hegazi SM et al. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Serum Glucose, Insulin, Glucagon, Glucose-6-Phosphatase and Mineral Levels in Diabetics. J Clin Biochem Nutr 12: 209-15, 1992.
28. Honkanen VEA et al. Plasma zinc and copper concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis: Influence of dietary factors and disease activity. Am J Clin Nutr 54: 1082-6, 1991.
29. Huber AM, Gershoff SN. Effects of zinc deficiency on the oxidation of retinol and ethanol in rats. J Nutr 10:11:1486-90, 1975.
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33. Koyama H, Hosokai H, Tamura S et al. Positive association between serum zinc and apolipoprotein A-II concentrations in middle-aged males who regularly consume alcohol. Am J Clin Nutr 57: 657-661, 1993.
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37. Mares-Perlman JA et al. Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 114:991-7, 1996.
38. Masters DG, Keen CL, Lonnerdal B, Hurley LS. Zinc deficiency teratogenicity. The protective role of maternal tissue catabolism. J Nutr 113: 905-912, 1983.
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53. Posacki C, et al. Plasma, Copper, Zinc, and Magnesium Levels in Patients with Premenstrual Tension Syndrome, Acta syndrome : Obstet Gynecol Scand 73; 452-5, 1994.
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63. Shah DR et al. Effect of oral zinc sulphate on serum lipids and lipoproteins in human subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 32;1:47-50, 1988.
64. Shambaugh GE Jr – interviewed in Anonymous. Hearing loss may be linked to zinc deficiency. Geriatrics 38; 4:21, 1983.
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Essential fatty acids, Research references

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January 1999

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Sources:
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.